0
selected
-
1.
The role of gut microbiome in inflammatory skin disorders: A systematic review.
Widhiati, S, Purnomosari, D, Wibawa, T, Soebono, H
Dermatology reports. 2022;14(1):9188
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Gut-skin axis refers to the complex cross-talk between gut bacteria and skin. Although the exact mechanism underlying chronic inflammatory skin conditions is unknown, imbalances in the composition of gut microbes are believed to play a role. Twenty-three studies were included in this systematic review to assess whether gut microbial imbalance may contribute to inflammatory skin conditions such as Psoriasis, Acne Vulgaris, Atopic Dermatitis, and Urticaria. According to this systematic review, immune stimulation, inflammation, and disruption of bacterial composition are common mechanisms in all these skin disorders. A western diet and environmental exposures are found to be contributing to the disruption of bacteria and the pathology of these skin disorders. It has been observed that friendly gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium are reduced in people with inflammatory skin conditions, whereas elevated levels of pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and Proteobacteria are present in the gut of patients with inflammatory skin conditions. The abundance of anti-inflammatory bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium leptum, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium may protect against inflammatory skin conditions. Further robust studies are required to evaluate the pathogenesis behind inflammatory skin conditions as well as the involvement of gut bacteria in the development and progression of the disease. Healthcare professionals can gain a deeper understanding of gut bacteria that contribute to the pathology of inflammatory diseases as well as how clinically using anti-inflammatory bacterial species may improve the condition of individuals suffering from inflammatory skin conditions.
Abstract
The close relationship between the intestine and the skin has been widely stated, seen from gastrointestinal (GI) disorders often accompanied by skin manifestations. Exactly how the gut microbiome is related to skin inflammation and influences the pathophysiology mechanism of skin disorders are still unclear. Many studies have shown a two-way relationship between gut and skin associated with GI health and skin homeostasis and allostasis. This systematic review aimed to explore the associations between the gut microbiome with inflammatory skin disorders, such as acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria, and to discover the advanced concept of this relationship. The literature search was limited to any articles published up to December 2020 using PubMed and EBSCOHost. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines for conducting a systematic review. Of the 319 articles screened based on title and abstract, 111 articles underwent full-text screening. Of these, 23 articles met our inclusion criteria, comprising 13 atopic dermatitis (AD), three psoriasis, four acne vulgaris, and four chronic urticaria articles. Acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and chronic urticaria are inflammation skin disorders that were studied recently to ascertain the relationship of these disorders with dysbiosis of the GI microbiome. All acne vulgaris, psoriasis, and chronic urticaria studies stated the association of gut microbiome with skin manifestations. However, the results in atopic dermatitis are still conflicting. Most of the articles agree that Bifidobacterium plays an essential role as anti-inflammation bacteria, and Proteobacteria and Enterobacteria impact inflammation in inflammatory skin disorders.
-
2.
Elucidation of Prebiotics, Probiotics, Postbiotics, and Target from Gut Microbiota to Alleviate Obesity via Network Pharmacology Study.
Oh, KK, Gupta, H, Min, BH, Ganesan, R, Sharma, SP, Won, SM, Jeong, JJ, Lee, SB, Cha, MG, Kwon, GH, et al
Cells. 2022;11(18)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
The prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities, such as diabetes, heart attack, hypertension, and cancer, is increasing worldwide. Microbes in the gut may play a significant role in the management of obesity by fermenting dietary fibres and producing metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and flavonoids. In this meta-analysis, data were retrieved about gut microbial metabolites from the gutMGene database to evaluate the beneficial effects of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics on key targets of obesity. Tryptophan was converted into beneficial metabolites such as indole by Escherichia coli, and isoflavones were converted into equol by Lactobacillus paracasei JS1. A positive effect may be exerted by these metabolites on the treatment of obesity. According to this meta-analysis, equol can reduce the levels of Interleukin-6, one of the inflammatory cytokines associated with obesity. Prebiotic isoflavone is fermented by probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei JS1 to produce equol, a postbiotic that inhibits the action of interleukin-6 and exerts a beneficial effect on obesity. In addition to understanding the relationship between prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics, healthcare professionals can use the results of this study to modulate the pathophysiology of obesity. It is necessary to conduct further rigorous research in order to evaluate the pharmacological value of the elements.
Abstract
The metabolites produced by the gut microbiota have been reported as crucial agents against obesity; however, their key targets have not been revealed completely in complex microbiome systems. Hence, the aim of this study was to decipher promising prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and more importantly, key target(s) via a network pharmacology approach. First, we retrieved the metabolites related to gut microbes from the gutMGene database. Then, we performed a meta-analysis to identify metabolite-related targets via the similarity ensemble approach (SEA) and SwissTargetPrediction (STP), and obesity-related targets were identified by DisGeNET and OMIM databases. After selecting the overlapping targets, we adopted topological analysis to identify core targets against obesity. Furthermore, we employed the integrated networks to microbiota-substrate-metabolite-target (MSMT) via R Package. Finally, we performed a molecular docking test (MDT) to verify the binding affinity between metabolite(s) and target(s) with the Autodock 1.5.6 tool. Based on holistic viewpoints, we performed a filtering step to discover the core targets through topological analysis. Then, we implemented protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks with 342 overlapping target, another subnetwork was constructed with the top 30% degree centrality (DC), and the final core networks were obtained after screening the top 30% betweenness centrality (BC). The final core targets were IL6, AKT1, and ALB. We showed that the three core targets interacted with three other components via the MSMT network in alleviating obesity, i.e., four microbiota, two substrates, and six metabolites. The MDT confirmed that equol (postbiotics) converted from isoflavone (prebiotics) via Lactobacillus paracasei JS1 (probiotics) can bind the most stably on IL6 (target) compared with the other four metabolites (3-indolepropionic acid, trimethylamine oxide, butyrate, and acetate). In this study, we demonstrated that the promising substate (prebiotics), microbe (probiotics), metabolite (postbiotics), and target are suitable for obsesity treatment, providing a microbiome basis for further research.
-
3.
Association between antibiotics and gut microbiome dysbiosis in children: systematic review and meta-analysis.
McDonnell, L, Gilkes, A, Ashworth, M, Rowland, V, Harries, TH, Armstrong, D, White, P
Gut microbes. 2021;13(1):1-18
-
-
-
Free full text
-
Plain language summary
The gut microbiome and immune system are intricately connected and recent studies have demonstrated a link between antibiotic exposure and gut microbiome alteration in neonates. Antibiotics in childhood may be linked to a variety of diseases and although the mechanism of association for diseases has not been fully explored, the underlying cause could be linked to dysbiosis in the gut microbiome. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the association between paediatric antibiotic exposure and gut microbiome disruption. Among the existing literature, 12 studies were included and the results showed a significant reduction in both diversity and richness of the gut microbiome in children aged 0-18 following antibiotic exposure. Based on these findings, the authors conclude antibiotics appear to disrupt the normal maturation of the microbiome and alter the healthy balance of bacteria. They recommend healthcare providers consider the potential damage to the gut microbiome when prescribing antibiotics for children.
Abstract
Antibiotics in childhood have been linked with diseases including asthma, juvenile arthritis, type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease and mental illness. The underlying mechanisms are thought related to dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. We conducted a systematic review of the association between antibiotics and disruption of the pediatric gut microbiome. Searches used MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science. Eligible studies: association between antibiotics and gut microbiome dysbiosis; children 0-18 years; molecular techniques of assessment; outcomes of microbiome richness, diversity or composition. Quality assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Meta-analysis where possible. A total of 4,668 publications identified: 12 in final analysis (5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 5 cohort studies, 2 cross-sectional studies). Microbiome richness was measured in 3 studies, species diversity in 6, and species composition in 10. Quality of evidence was good or fair. 5 studies found a significant reduction in diversity and 3 a significant reduction in richness. Macrolide exposure was associated with reduced richness for twice as long as penicillin. Significant reductions were seen in Bifidobacteria (5 studies) and Lactobacillus (2 studies), and significant increases in Proteobacteria such as E. coli (4 studies). A meta-analysis of RCTs of the effect of macrolide (azithromycin) exposure on the gut microbiome found a significant reduction in alpha-diversity (Shannon index: mean difference -0.86 (95% CI -1.59, -0.13). Antibiotic exposure was associated with reduced microbiome diversity and richness, and with changes in bacterial abundance. The potential for dysbiosis in the microbiome should be taken into account when prescribing antibiotics for children.Systematic review registration number: CRD42018094188.
-
4.
Disruption of the Gut Ecosystem by Antibiotics.
Yoon, MY, Yoon, SS
Yonsei medical journal. 2018;59(1):4-12
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of different micro-organisms, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, living in the human intestines. It’s involved in numerous functions, such as extracting energy and nutrition from food, protecting against disease-causing microorganisms, and supporting the immune system of the host, and therefore affecting human health and disease. This paper is a review of studies on the effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota. It outlines how different types of antibiotics can alter the intestinal environment and the composition of the microbes, resulting in various physiological changes that can trigger disease. Relevant mechanisms, such as inflammatory response and the use of intestinal nutrients by infectious bacteria are discussed. Finally, it discusses faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and probiotics as treatment approaches, aimed at restoring a disturbed intestinal environment.
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisting of various microorganisms that expands human genetic repertoire and therefore affects human health and disease. The metabolic processes and signal transduction pathways of the host and intestinal microorganisms are intimately linked, and abnormal progression of each process leads to changes in the intestinal environment. Alterations in microbial communities lead to changes in functional structures based on the metabolites produced in the gut, and these environmental changes result in various bacterial infections and chronic enteric inflammatory diseases. Here, we illustrate how antibiotics are associated with an increased risk of antibiotic-associated diseases by driving intestinal environment changes that favor the proliferation and virulence of pathogens. Understanding the pathogenesis caused by antibiotics would be a crucial key to the treatment of antibiotic-associated diseases by mitigating changes in the intestinal environment and restoring it to its original state.
-
5.
Fecal Microbiome and Food Allergy in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.
Fieten, KB, Totté, JEE, Levin, E, Reyman, M, Meijer, Y, Knulst, A, Schuren, F, Pasmans, SGMA
International archives of allergy and immunology. 2018;175(1-2):77-84
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Atopic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma and rhinitis, are on the increase worldwide. Exposure to microbes may be important in the development of an atopic disease. Specifically, reduced early-life exposure is thought to be a contributing factor because microbial colonisation of the intestines during infancy plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system. AD, also called eczema, is an inflammatory skin disease often seen in small children. Food allergies are common in children with AD, the most common allergens being eggs, cow’s milk, peanuts, soy and wheat. This cross-sectional observational pilot study with 82 young children with a diagnosis of AD set out to identify distinct microbial patterns in the children’s faecal microbiomes associated with a clinical diagnosis of food allergy. Stool and blood samples were collected for a microbiome analysis and IgE antibody measurement, respectively. 20 children had a confirmed food allergy (most commonly to cow’s milk and peanuts), while almost half of the children without a diagnosed food allergy were sensitised to common food allergens after a food challenge. The study identified a faecal microbial signature in children with AD that differentiates between the presence and absence of food allergy. Children with AD and food allergy had more Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum species and less Bifidobacterium breve, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila species than children without food allergy. The authors concluded that the study supports a hypothesis that the intestinal microbiome differs in children with AD, depending on whether they have a food allergy or not. They call for future studies to confirm these findings.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to microbes may be important in the development of atopic disease. Atopic diseases have been associated with specific characteristics of the intestinal microbiome. The link between intestinal microbiota and food allergy has rarely been studied, and the gold standard for diagnosing food allergy (double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge [DBPCFC]) has seldom been used. We aimed to distinguish fecal microbial signatures for food allergy in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS Pediatric patients with AD, with and without food allergy, were included in this cross-sectional observational pilot study. AD was diagnosed according to the UK Working Party criteria. Food allergy was defined as a positive DBPCFC or a convincing clinical history, in combination with sensitization to the relevant food allergen. Fecal samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA microbial analysis. Microbial signature species, discriminating between the presence and absence food allergy, were selected by elastic net regression. RESULTS Eighty-two children with AD (39 girls) with a median age of 2.5 years, and 20 of whom were diagnosed with food allergy, provided fecal samples. Food allergy to peanut and cow's milk was the most common. Six bacterial species from the fecal microbiome were identified, that, when combined, distinguished between children with and without food allergy: Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Escherichia coli, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Akkermansia muciniphila (AUC 0.83, sensitivity 0.77, specificity 0.80). CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, we identified a microbial signature in children with AD that discriminates between the absence and presence of food allergy. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings.
-
6.
Measuring Artificial Sweeteners Toxicity Using a Bioluminescent Bacterial Panel.
Harpaz, D, Yeo, LP, Cecchini, F, Koon, THP, Kushmaro, A, Tok, AIY, Marks, RS, Eltzov, E
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2018;23(10)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
The use of artificial sweeteners is a highly controversial topic for both human health and environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative toxicity of six artificial sweeteners that have been approved by both FDA and EU on E. coli as a representation of gut bacteria using a bioluminescent bacterial panel. The bioluminescent bacteria were exposed to various concentrations of artificial sweeteners and toxicity patterns were observed. This study found that different artificial sweeteners evoke specific responses on E coli, and this is speculated to be the case for the gut microbiome, potentially impacting human health. The authors also found that this method of using bacterial responses confirmed previous toxicity studies, highlighting it as a viable and affordable toxicity evaluation tool.
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners have become increasingly controversial due to their questionable influence on consumers' health. They are introduced in most foods and many consume this added ingredient without their knowledge. Currently, there is still no consensus regarding the health consequences of artificial sweeteners intake as they have not been fully investigated. Consumption of artificial sweeteners has been linked with adverse effects such as cancer, weight gain, metabolic disorders, type-2 diabetes and alteration of gut microbiota activity. Moreover, artificial sweeteners have been identified as emerging environmental pollutants, and can be found in receiving waters, i.e., surface waters, groundwater aquifers and drinking waters. In this study, the relative toxicity of six FDA-approved artificial sweeteners (aspartame, sucralose, saccharine, neotame, advantame and acesulfame potassium-k (ace-k)) and that of ten sport supplements containing these artificial sweeteners, were tested using genetically modified bioluminescent bacteria from E. coli. The bioluminescent bacteria, which luminesce when they detect toxicants, act as a sensing model representative of the complex microbial system. Both induced luminescent signals and bacterial growth were measured. Toxic effects were found when the bacteria were exposed to certain concentrations of the artificial sweeteners. In the bioluminescence activity assay, two toxicity response patterns were observed, namely, the induction and inhibition of the bioluminescent signal. An inhibition response pattern may be observed in the response of sucralose in all the tested strains: TV1061 (MLIC = 1 mg/mL), DPD2544 (MLIC = 50 mg/mL) and DPD2794 (MLIC = 100 mg/mL). It is also observed in neotame in the DPD2544 (MLIC = 2 mg/mL) strain. On the other hand, the induction response pattern may be observed in its response in saccharin in TV1061 (MLIndC = 5 mg/mL) and DPD2794 (MLIndC = 5 mg/mL) strains, aspartame in DPD2794 (MLIndC = 4 mg/mL) strain, and ace-k in DPD2794 (MLIndC = 10 mg/mL) strain. The results of this study may help in understanding the relative toxicity of artificial sweeteners on E. coli, a sensing model representative of the gut bacteria. Furthermore, the tested bioluminescent bacterial panel can potentially be used for detecting artificial sweeteners in the environment, using a specific mode-of-action pattern.